Which theorist is associated with the concept of the zone of proximal development?

The concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) is closely associated with Lev Vygotsky, who emphasized the role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development. Vygotsky proposed that the ZPD represents the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance and support from a more knowledgeable other, such as a teacher or peer. This framework is crucial in understanding how learning occurs through social interactions and scaffolding, where learners are supported just beyond their current capabilities to facilitate growth and development.

Vygotsky's ideas contrast with those of Piaget, who focused more on stages of individual cognitive development, Skinner's behaviorist approach that concentrated on reinforcement and punishment, and Chomsky's theories related to innate language acquisition. Vygotsky's emphasis on the social aspects of learning sets his work apart and highlights the importance of collaborative learning environments.