What type of memory is primarily affected in a patient with executive functioning deficits?

In the context of executive functioning deficits, short-term memory is primarily affected because executive functions, which include planning, organization, and decision-making, rely heavily on the ability to hold information in mind temporarily. Short-term memory allows individuals to actively maintain and manipulate information needed for tasks. When executive functioning is impaired, individuals may struggle with tasks that require them to use and manage short-term information effectively. This can manifest as difficulties in following multi-step directions or remembering details while engaged in complex problem-solving.

Long-term memory, visual memory, and procedural memory relate to different types of cognitive processes that can function somewhat independently of immediate executive functioning. Long-term memory involves memories consolidated over time, visual memory pertains to the ability to recall visual information, and procedural memory involves the recall of skills and tasks learned through repetition. These types are less directly linked to the transient management of information that characterizes short-term memory use in the context of executive functioning.